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A Community Devoted to the Preservation and Practice of Celestial Navigation and Other Methods of Traditional Wayfinding
Another reply to John Mc Keel
From: Jan Kalivoda
Date: 2002 Dec 31, 17:36 +0100
From: Jan Kalivoda
Date: 2002 Dec 31, 17:36 +0100
Another cause of starting the day at noon among astronomers was probably the unreliability of pendulum clocks at the end of 17th century and later. Astronomers used to ascertain the error of their clock every day then, if possible. The easiest way for it was the moment of Sun's upper meridian transit. Having determined the clock error at noon, astronomers were ready for night observations. And from 1679, when the first astronomical and nautical yearbook, "Connaissance des temps", emerged, the noon became the main point of the day in ephemerids for a long time . Up to the 20th century, some data were given for the apparent noon, not for the mean one or midnight in nautical and astronomical almanacs. When the change in beginning the astronomical day arrived in 1925, some mess sprung up in the nautical astronomy. The German formed another term beside the "hour angle" - so called "time angle" reckoned from the lower part of meridian from 0 to 24 hours, so that they could cope with the new begin of astronomical day. It was quite logical and quite abstruse. The British, in their well-known reverence for men of sea, have then introduced two new quantities into the Nautical Almanac instead of former "Right Ascension of the Mean Sun at Noon" and "Equation of Time" - nameless values R and E, by whose help the seadogs could ignore the shift of the day's outset in their sight reductions and continue as previously. That arrangement survived up to the WW II, when nautical and air almanacs gradually began to tabulate the hour angles of celestial bodies for each hour / ten minutes directly. The last remnant of the old start of the astronomical day at noon is the era of the "Julian days", used for counting long intervals into the past and future in astronomy. These Julian days begin at noon up to now, because trying to suppress or shift half a day in their reckoning would destroy the order of heaven. Jan Kalivoda