NavList:
A Community Devoted to the Preservation and Practice of Celestial Navigation and Other Methods of Traditional Wayfinding
Re: Sextant precision
From: Henry Halboth
Date: 2004 Oct 3, 23:37 -0400
From: Henry Halboth
Date: 2004 Oct 3, 23:37 -0400
The several postings with respect to the measurement of interstellar distances by sextant, or whatever, have been most interesting and instructive. Unless I have misunderstood the intent, the purpose thereof, however, from a purely navigational point of view, appears somewhat elusive. Interstellar distances, to the best of my somewhat antiquated knowledge, were considered a second line method of determining centering error, which was usually done at intervals of altitude and increased therewith. At one time, an instrument could be sent off for testing by a system of collimators, whereby the centering error was quickly and accurately determined at given, usually 15-degree, intervals and tabulated as a permanent error. As all are undoubtedly aware, index and centering error are entirely different animals - an error determined by interstellar distance will include both and, theoretically at least, will be valid only at the distance measured, unless an independently determined index error be negated. Hopefully as a matter of interest, the writer offers the following discussion on the determination of index error. No effort is made to compare the accuracy of the various available methods, however, the opinion is advanced that the immediate following, utilizing the sun, is the more simple, sensitive and comprehensive approach, as well as being the best suited to practical usage. Having set the index to zero, mounted the telescope, and turned down shades as necessary, or affixed the telescope screen, to counter the glare, sight the sun and move the index forward (on the arc) until the direct and reflected rim edges of the sun be in contact - now read off minutes and seconds "on the arc". Next, move the index back (off the arc) until the contrary rims of the sun are brought into contact, and read off the minutes and seconds "off the arc". Half the difference between the foregoing two readings will be the index error, independent of any tabular values or other calculations. If the sun's diameter be greater on the arc than off the error is subtractive, or vice versa. Remember always the old and reliable adage - "when it's on, it's off", and "when it's off, it's on". Further advantages of this simple method are .... 1) As the direct and reflected images are passed one over the other, any horizontal separation of limbs immediately signals a lack of perpendicularity, in either the horizon or index mirrors, to the plane of the instrument and demands further investigation of each mirror separately. 2) By alternating the screens, both at horizon and index mirrors, the error (due to a lack in parallelism of the screen surfaces) induced by various combinations may be tabulated. Otherwise ... I have for years used the method of bringing second and third magnitude stars into coincidence, also to determine index error. As far as my experience is concerned, there has always been an apparent range of uncertainty in establishing exact coincidence, necessitating an averaging of both on and off the arc measurements in an effort to negate, to the extent possible, any error induced by this uncertainty; I have not found this uncertainty of contact applicable when using the sun's limbs. Of course, any separation of direct and reflected star images in the horizontal plane again signals perpendicularity problems. Also in this method, a coincident assessment of shade error is not so conveniently provided, as when utilizing the sun. The sea horizon provides probably the most convenient and least complicated method of establishing index error, as well as checking perpendicularity but, depending on conditions, may also be the least accurate. Regardless, a careful navigator should check his instrument by the sea horizon before each sight, or set of sights, as well as perhaps thereafter, to insure no significant erroror change thereof, through accident or otherwise, since the previous use.